The Drowned and the Saved - Primo Levi

Primo Levi – The Drowned and the Saved (1986)
Autobiography – 170 pages – my copy (paperback; 2001) borrowed from University of Plymouth Library during November 2011
- 5 nods out of 5 -



Allow the Worm a first, manic and loud-mouthed comment on Primo Levi’s The Drowned and the Saved: "Read it now!" That being said and digested, let us move on and review this book. Levi – a survivor of Auschwitz – reflects on the Holocaust, almost forty years after its occurrence. Levi became an internationally renowned writer in the post-war period, bringing truths to light, never letting this momentous, horrific period in history be forgotten. The Drowned and the Saved – the first work, although certainly not the last, on which the Worm has had the pleasure to read – was Levi’s last published work in his lifetime: he died afterwards in what remains uncertain circumstances. Many believe he took his own life; others that he accidentally fell down a staircase. But that is, as they say, a different story.

Much has been made of Levi’s guilt: at surviving when so many good, worthy ones died at the hands of the Nazis. Here he writes on the issue: ‘I must repeat – we, the survivors, are not the true witnesses. This is an uncomfortable notion, of which I have become conscious little by little, reading the memoirs of others and reading mine at a distance of years. We survivors are not only as exiguous but also an anomalous minority; we are those who by their prevarications or abilities or good luck did not touch the bottom.’

Using his own experience, Levi brings Auschwitz alive like no other. He analyses the ‘Orwellian falsification of memory’ of the Nazi state, in their ‘war against memory…falsification of reality, negation of reality’; of the ‘grey zone’ in which prisoner becomes both victim and persecutor, thereby confusing ‘our need to judge’; as well as the horrific description of the Jews who burnt the dead, gassed bodies of their fellow man and woman:

‘Conceiving and organising the squads was National Socialism’s most demonic crime. Behind the pragmatic aspect (to economise on able men, impose on others the most atrocious tasks), other more subtle aspects can be perceived. This institution represented an attempt to shift on to others – specifically the victims – the burden of guilt, so that they were deprived of even the solace of innocence. It is neither easy nor agreeable to dredge the abyss of viciousness, and yet I think it must be done, because what it was possible to perpetrate yesterday can be attempted again tomorrow, can overwhelm ourselves and our children. One is tempted to turn away with a grimace and close one’s mind: this is a temptation one must resist. In fact, the existence of the squads had a meaning, containing a message: “We, the master race, are your destroyers, but you are no better than we are; if we so wish and we do so wish, we can destroy not only your bodies but also your souls, just as we have destroyed ours.”’

Levi further expresses this idea of the victim becoming stained with the blood of the murderers: ‘before dying the victim must be degraded, so that the murderer will be less burdened by guilt.’ These words are so well expressed that Levi shares the talent of a poet brought against the harsh reality of evil, of chaos, and of despair.

And whilst we’re bathing in the colour of his prose, how about this:

‘Hateful also, but not insane, were the means foreseen to achieve these ends: to unleash military aggressions or ruthless wars, support Fifth Columns, transfer or remove entire populations, subjugate them, e them, or exterminate them. Neither Nietzsche nor Hitler nor Rosenberg were mad when they intoxicated themselves and their followers by preaching the myth of the Superman, to whom everything is permitted in recognition of his dogmatic and congenital superiority; but worthy of meditation is the fact that all of them, teacher and pupils, become progressively removed from reality as little by little their morality came unglued from the morality common to all times and all civilisations, which is an integral part of our human heritage and which in the end must be acknowledged.’

Make no mistake, this is a heavy read of a momentous, heavy period. However, Levi is the perfect host to guide the reader through the shock and the shame. Amongst such passages are more amiable memories, of correspondence with Germans, of his own personal, moral philosophy. What he has to say is never easy to swallow; but it is a dish we must feed on, and once started becomes addictive. He repeats the same message again and again: ‘It happened, therefore it can happen again: this is the core of what we have to say.’ It is a statement that is needed to be made; Levi was – and remains – a defender of the memories of the Holocaust. It is now up to the next generation to take on the mantle, to read Levi, to discuss Levi, to promote Levi. The Worm repeats: "You will read this book." The Worm repeats: "You will devour this book." The Worm repeats: "You will love this book."


Buy it here:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Drowned-Saved-Abacus-Books/dp/0349100470/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323257828&sr=1-1

Hitler & Nazism - Dick Geary

Dick Geary – Hitler & Nazism (1993)
History – 80 pages – my copy (paperback; 1997) purchased for 50p from Plymouth Central Library sometime during 2008
- 3 nods out of 5 -



The Worm hears your concerns already: “not another book on Hitler.” But let us all be serious; Mr Hitler is hardly your every-day politician, of scandal and infamy; not your run-of-the-mill dictator; nor your next-door-war-monger of which the world has countless numbers throughout history. No, Hitler is more than that. As historians have proclaimed in the past few decades, we are far from done with Hitler yet. And if that’s good enough for the academic community, then it’s good enough for the Worm.

Yet this book, from the hand of Dick Geary, perhaps deserves more of your time and consideration. In a brief, yet information packed, 80 pages Geary manages to give us the birth and growth of Nazism, of the collapse of the Weimer Republic, of a look at Nazi state and society, leading towards the ominous chapter title: ‘War and destruction’. And if that wasn’t enough, Geary is ready at hand to reflect and analyse on every notable tenant of the Nazi regime. The Worm can already hear you gasping for air.

Many of the prominent books on Hitler and Nazism normally number hundreds of hundreds, into the thousand mark (William Shirer, most famously); so to pack in such information and debate into double digits is nothing short of remarkable. Although Geary himself would argue he has written greater works, with heavyweight impact; this book is the perfect introduction into Nazism, as well as the book for Nazi enthusiasts to brush up on their Hitler. As the Worm concurs, we are a long way from being done with Hitler. The continuance of books such as this ensures the past is never forgotten.

The Fantastic Four (Vol.1) - Stan Lee & Jack Kirby

Stan Lee & Jack Kirby - The Fantastic Four: Essential Vol. 1 (2005)
Comic Book – 544 pages – my copy (paperback; 2005) purchased from Amazon sometime in 2008 for under £5
- 3 nods out of 5 -



Everybody – I repeat: everybody – knows who the Fantastic Four are. Superman may be stronger; Batman is darker and full of more emotion; and Iron Man is back in fashion. And the majority of Hollywood superhero movies are a damn sight better than the recent outpourings of our Fab Four… but despite all of this, the Worm (and many others out there) have a soft spot in their heart for the Fantastic Four.

It may just be the lack of pervasive super-powers, lack of intensity and fashion that makes these characters so likeable. They were the booster that made Marvel a house-hold name, with Stan Lee outpouring hero after hero in the sixties. None of them (Spiderman included) reach the geeky excitement of these early creations: Reed “Mr Fantastic” Richards, Susan “The Invisible Storm, Johnny “The Flame” Storm, and the corniest and hardest of them: “The Thing.”

This collection is the first twenty comics from the early 1960s, as well as first (cough: cash-in) annual. In these twenty issues some of the principal Fantastic Four villains are introduced: Doctor Doom and the Submariner; characters who have endured for the past fifty years. Alongside these are the not so notable and memorable: Mole-Man, the master of Planet X, and the Miracle Man. All have the same common traits: mastery of Earth, regarding the human race as ‘puny’, as well as the destruction of the Fantastic Four.

From our place, here in the smug twenty-first century, it is easy to pick holes in the storylines (magic rays on a visit to the Moon?), to comment on the blatant male bias (Susan Storm pin-up, anyone?), and poke fun of the cheesy lines (“Just wait! Sooner or later…I’ll get my mitts on you!!”). But all of these supposed flaws are part of the fun. The Fantastic Four is a product of its time, and like any cherished cultural product from the sixties (such as bad Beach Boys records and pretentious art), these comics should be appreciated and enjoyed.

Buy it here:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Essential-Fantastic-Four-TPB-All-New/dp/078513302X/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1323257225&sr=8-2

Tales of Mystery & Imagination - Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe – Tales of Mystery & Imagination (1993)
Short Stories – 420 pages – my copy (paperback; 1993) bought for £2 from the Notting Hill Music & Goods Exchange during 2008
- 4 nods out of 5 -



Tales of mystery, of suspense, and all things that go bump in the night; Mr Poe is the undisputed narrator that has inspired and frightened generations of readers since the mid-nineteenth century. And quite right, too! He has given us stories of madness, of death, of mystery, of crime, and well as the down right silly.

This is the second encounter the Worm has had with Edgar Allan Poe: back in June 2011 he came across magnificent The Raven (a bona fide 4 nodder; click on the link below). Tales of Mystery & Imagination is a collection of short stories – and it is the short story that Poe is best known – ranging from the classic (‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ and ‘The Pit and Pendulum’ being two notables), with the maddening (‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’), along with adventuring solving tales (such as the book’s opener ‘The Gold Bug’; or as the contents page of the book refers to: ‘The Gold Buf’?!). All in all, Poe is seen by many as the inventor of shock, of the supernatural, of detective fiction, as well as dabbling in an early form of Science-Fiction; quite a CV for a man who married his cousin and died at the young age of forty.

The earlier stories, of crime-solving of the Sherlock Holmes variety (although written fifty years before Holmes’ inception, it must be remembered), are not Poe at his best. Although there is a soft spot for detective C. Auguste Dupin, the shock and the horror that Poe is famed for is absent. The book slowly moves towards darker material, whilst keeping that spirit of suspense alive.

Poe’s art has been discussed and analysed heavily in ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’; with its hidden messages behind the gothic description. The idea of the “living dead” crops up in many of the stories, including ‘The Premature Burial'; whilst the idea that your past and conscience cannot be put to rest are explored fantastically in ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ and ‘The Black Cat’. Undoubtedly Poe had an eye for the majestic and descriptive, as affirmed in the beating of the murdered man’s heart beneath the floorboards, driving the killer beyond sanity.

It is shame for those who gathered the stories together to miss what the Worm considers his favourite Poe short-story: 'William Wilson'. Think a nineteenth-century version of Fight Club, and you’ll be on the right track! Another absentee is the darkly philosophical ‘The Imp of the Perverse’. But that would be picking a fight with those who collated the stories together – yes, you editors at Penguin Classics! – rather than with Poe himself. The writer has left a treasure trove of quality stories to read; some are 5 nod gold standard, others of the weaker nodder variety. But nobody, and the Worm means NOBODY, forgets Poe once they’ve read one of his stories.

Buy it here:http://www.amazon.co.uk/Tales-Mystery-Imagination-Edgar-Allan/dp/0861366522/ref=sr_1_11?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323257658&sr=1-11

Read the Worm’s review on The Raven:http://4eyedbookworm.blogspot.com/2011/06/raven-edgar-allan-poe.html)

A good website about Poe’s work:http://www.poestories.com/

The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities & Politics - David Starkey

David Starkey - The Reign of Henry VIII: Personalities & Politics (1985)
History – 150 pages - my copy (paperback; 2002) borrowed from the University of Plymouth library during November 2011
- 2 nods out of 5 -



In 1509 Henry VIII became the new king of England. Thomas More wrote on this significant occasion: ‘This day is the end of our slavery, the fount of our liberty; the end of sadness, the beginning of joy.’ Little did More know that his very own end would come by the hand of Henry, and that the ‘fount of liberty’ would run dry.

David Starkey is known today as one of the eminent historians on the Tudor period. This small, compact book – a mere 150 pages – is one of Starkey’s very first. It is a glimpse into the major personalities of Henry’s court, from the start of ‘A New Age’ to his end when he became ‘Egg-shaped’ in features, and a ‘Humpty-Dumpty of a nightmare’.

The major points of his reign are referenced and discussed, including the dynamism of the early years, the war with France, leading to the peace of France and later chaos brought about by the divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Starkey doesn’t attempt to paint a panoramic picture of England in this time, contenting himself to the chief figures in the royal court. We are given a run-down of Henry’s “minion’s”, of Thomas Cromwell, and Anne Boleyn herself. The greatest importance is reserved for Cardinal Wolsey, a man who held great sway for close to fifteen years. Starkey labels him ‘one of the most famous statesmen in English history – second only to perhaps Churchill’. Whilst he sums up such a statement by commenting: ‘Being famous for five minutes is one thing; being famous for 450 years is quite another.’

For those who wish to know more about Henry VIII, don’t begin with Starkey’s book. It is a read with little illumination, and sparse on excitement. Perhaps it was written in a time before Starkey built up that pompous wit and attacking tongue he is known for; the Worm is unsure to which Starkey he prefers.

Buy it here:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Reign-Henry-VIII-Personalities-Politics/dp/0099445107/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323257713&sr=1-1

Henry VI: Part Three - William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare - Henry VI: Part Three (1591)
Play – read on the fantastic Shakespeare iPhone app during November 2011
- 4 nods out of 5 -

We’ve mulled over Part One; we’ve discussed and rejoiced over Part Two; now here comes the third instalment: Henry VI, Part Three! That’s right, three plays centring on a failed and almost forgotten king. Perhaps this would seem a tad excessive to the modern reader; but to Mr Shakespeare, the reign of Henry VI was momentous in providing the fall of honour and chivalry, of the Wars of the Roses, and the eventual triumph of the Tudors and seeming redemption of England.

With Henry having lost all the French lands (Part One), and then his most trusted advisors (Part Two); all out war is declared between his house (Lancaster, the Red Rose) and that of York (the White Rose). The ever scheming Duke of York is on the march, his fortunes rising and receding with the changing of the seasons and the movement of the sun. The Duke has plotted for two whole plays, and is now eager to wear the English crown: ‘Why do we linger thus? I cannot rest / Until the white rose that I wear be dy’d / Even in the lukewarm blood of Henry’s heart.’

With the death and carnage of the previous plays, there are vendettas and revengeful killings to be had. Clifford is out to avenge his father’s death: ‘The sight of any of the house of York / Is as a fury to torment my soul; / And until I root out their accursed line, / And leave not one alive, I live in hell.’ Clifford finds satisfaction in the killing of one of York’s innocent youthful sons, before stabbing his sword into the Duke himself. Defeated and in torment, a paper crown is placed upon his head, as he dies at the feet of Clifford and Queen Margaret:

‘Off with his head, and set it on York gates,
So York may overlook the town of York.’

Whilst the death toll mounts as high as a Die Hard movie, King Henry finally comes into his own, philosophising over the civil war that has ripped his family, friends and country apart:

‘The battle fares like the morning’s war,
When dying clouds contend with growing light,
What time the shepherd, blowing of his nails,
Can neither call it perfect day nor night.
Now sways it this way, like a mighty sea
Forc’d to retire by fury of the wind.
Sometime the flood prevails, and then the wind;
Now one the better, then another best;
Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast,
Yet neither conqueror nor conquered;
So is the equal poise of this fell war.’

It is a homily to rival that of Hamlet or Richard III; and it is clear to see how Shakespeare made his name in this line of plays on Henry VI. As our ill-fated King continues on hearing of suffering:

‘O piteous spectacle! O bloody times!
Whiles lions war and battle for their dens,
Poor harmless lambs abide their enmity.
Weep, wretched man; I’ll aid thee tear for tear,
And let our hearts and eyes, like civil war,
Be blind with tears, and break o’ercharg’d with grief.’

Such words are in contrast to the previous two plays, when Henry is nothing more than a lame duck, watching chaos descend all around him and unable to do anything; he is a mere spectator to events, and his commentary on the state of affairs is not heard nor anywhere to be seen. Perhaps this is Shakespeare’s evolution of Henry’s character, from mere boy king, to naïve ruler of factional squabbles, to become the philosopher king on the ruin of his country. But alas, the time is too late to merely discuss; and this is the reason for Henry’s demise at the hands of York’s sons.

The Duke of York’s son, Edward, becomes king; but soon faces an almighty coalition in the form of Queen Margaret, Warwick (“the Kingmaker”), and the Duke of Clarence, Edward’s very own brother. But they are no match for these sons of York, and the sheer weight of Richard, whose sun is now burning bright. Clarence double deals with his brothers, whilst Warwick dies; leaving Henry to lament: ‘Farewell, my Hector, and my Troy’s true hope’

The house of Lancaster is snuffed out, and the house and sun – indeed, the sons – of York prevail with Edward defending his throne. But fitting for an end of one of Shakespeare’s plays, all is not well. The King’s brother, the spiteful Richard, lets in the reader to his secret: to covet the crown himself. The ominous ending, as with the previous plays of Henry VI, lead to the mayhem and disaster that befalls in Shakespeare’s Richard III. The Worm reads on, in search of the final redemption and justice of the house of York.

The Holocaust: For Beginners - Bresheeth, Hood & Jansz

Haim Bresheeth, Stuart Hood and Litza Jansz - The Holocaust: For Beginners (1994)
Illustrated History – 180 pages - my copy (paperback; 1994) borrowed from the University of Plymouth library during November 2011
- 2 nods out of 5 -



Readers of the Worm’s very recent reviews out there might have noticed a slight slant towards the period of Nazi Germany. We’ve had Taylor’s The Course of German History and then a chronology of Hitler’s life and times. The next instalment: The Holocaust.

The death of millions is never an easy historical period to approach: many documentaries, books and films have been criticised for trivialising or not getting to the heart of the matter and failing to represent the tremendous loss of life. At first glance, The Holocaust: For Beginners appears to fall into the same camp. Normally “beginner” books are for those who wish to cook pasta dishes, speak French or learn how to play the guitar. However, the series from Icon is intent on dealing with galaxy-sized issues to the uninitiated reader. For example, how about: Feminism: For Beginners, Marx: For Beginners, Ecology: For Beginners, and yes, The Universe: For Beginners.

In the space of 180 pages these authors are able to use a sparse amount of wording to get across a great amount of information. This, along with its illustration, is the book’s key to a certain amount of success. The timeline stretches from the Dark Ages (‘the guilt of the Jews’), through to the twentieth century; whilst the major events of the Nazi period are headed, including: The Warsaw Ghetto, The Industrialisation of Mass Murder, and The Killing Centres.

The illustrations are in stark black and white. One such harrowing image is that of compacted dark, gloomy faces in a train, the running caption reading: DOES ANYONE REALLY BELIEVE THAT OUR CRIES WERE NOT HEARD? Yet some of its most striking pages are a sparse amount of text; take for example page 24:

1. You have no right to live among us as Jews.
2. You have no right to live among us.
3. You have no right to live.

During the timeline of the 1930s and 1940s there is little in the way of analysis: that is left to the reader to decide. The final pages are dedicated to a surprisingly in-depth conclusion, about revisionist historians, Holocaust deniers, as well as modern parallels on how the Israeli state treats Palestinians. Will anything ever be learned from History?

It would be false to claim that this book stands toe-to-toe with other, meatier, heavier books on the Holocaust. But, that is not its aim. It is an introduction to the horror and the timeline, allowing the reader to move onwards after reading in search of more truths in this haunting period of human history.


But it here:
http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/The_Holocaust_for_beginners.html?id=yuCSQgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y

Hitler: A Chronology of his Life & Time - Milan Hauner

Milan Hauner – Hitler: A Chronology of his Life and Time (2008)
History – 220 pages – my copy borrowed from the University of Plymouth Library and read during November 2011
- 3 nods out of 5 -



Another book on Hitler? The author, Milan Hauner, is the first to put his hands up, commenting: ‘Thousands of books have been written about Adolf Hitler, and yet more will be written.’ But why outpouring after outpouring? Hauner is keen to point to another author’s statement that: ‘We are not finished with Hitler yet.’ Yes, not finished by a long chalk.

The Worm, like many others out there in Book-Reading-Land, has done more than his fair share of Hitler-reading, including the good, the bad and the ugly. But something always draws us back for more. An explanation of how it came to be, analysis of Hitler as a man and a leader. It is the great human quest to continue to ask: WHY?

Hauner is one of many thousands of other authors who have attempted such explanation. However, where this book deviates is its complete lack of descriptive narrative and analysis; but rather a mere chronology of events and facts. At first, the reader may ask what is the point in such a task? In the words of W.G. Hoskins, it is the mere meat and potatoes of History; and not the finalised cooked meal. But the Worm argues that it is just this reason that makes Hauner’s book so readable and worthy. It is down to the reader to analyse, to investigate, and see the woods for the trees.

And to be fair, it is not a mere, drab recording of Hitler’s life (from day one as a baby to the cyanide death in the Berlin bunker), but rather a fantastic collection of quotes and events. We, the reader, are with Hitler, day by day, as he jets off to campaign for more votes across Germany, as he calls in the generals for the invasion of Soviet Russia, and in his manic, rabble of an end as he spits against those who have conspired against him.

For example, here a couple of selected quotes from the mind of Hitler that Hauner sees fit to place in the book:

23 May 1939
Hitler tells Raeder he recognises three kinds of secrets:
‘The first is between you and me, the second I keep secret to myself, and the third concerns problems of the future which even I have not completely thought through to their logical conclusion.’

3 September 1939
Britain and France declare war on Germany. Paul Schmidt describes Hitler’s reaction:
‘Hitler sat immobile, gazing before him. He was not at a loss, as was afterwards stated, nor did he rage as others allege. He sat completely silent and unmoving. After an interval, which seemed an age, he turned to Ribbentrop… “What now?”’

11 August 1941
‘I shall no longer be there to see it, but I rejoice on behalf of the German people that one day we will see England and Germany marching together against America… They have an exampled cheek, these English! It doesn’t prevent me from admiring them. In this sphere, they still have a lot to teach us.’


And perhaps the most ghastly and horrifying of all:

17 October 1941
‘We’ll take away its character of an Asiatic steppe, we’ll Europeanise it. With this object, we have undertaken the construction of roads that will lead to the southernmost point of the Crimea and to the Caucasus. These roads will be studded along their whole length with German towns, and around these towns our colonists will settle… I shall no longer be here to see all that, but in twenty years the Ukraine will already be home for 20,000,000 inhabitants besides the natives. In 300 years the country will be one of the loveliest gardens in the world. As for the natives, we’ll have to screen them carefully. The Jew, the destroyer, we shall drive out… We shan’t settle in the Russian towns, and we’ll let them fall to pieces without interrupting. And, above all, no remorse on the subject! We’ll confine ourselves, perhaps, to setting up a radio transmitter under our control. For the rest, let them know just enough to understand our highway signs, so that they won’t get themselves run over by our vehicles! For them the word “liberty” means the right to wash on feast days. If we arrive bringing soft soap, we’ll obtain no sympathy.. There’s only one duty: to Germanise this country by the immigration of Germans and to look upon the natives as Redskins. If these people had defeated us, Heaven have mercy! All those who have the feeling for Europe can join us in our work. In this business I shall go straight ahead, cold-bloodedly. What they may think about me, at this juncture, is to me a matter of complete indifference. I don’t see why a German who eats a piece of bread should torment himself with the idea that the soil that produces this bread has been won by the sword. When we eat wheat from Canada, we don’t think about the despoiled Indians.’


These quotes and events – the entirety of Hitler’s life summed up into two hundred pages – gives a fresh insight into the mind of the man; its development and its projection on the entire world. Hauner’s selection is terse to the point, but yet it opens a window of discussion, of debate, and reflection that is expansive and wide.

For those who cannot get enough of the Nazi period and cannot resist asking the question: WHY, Hauner’s chronology is a must-buy for the book shelves. An enjoyable and worthwhile read; if not the cooked meal of Hoskins’ statement, then a well arranged and colourful plate of informed and seasoned salad.


Buy it here:
http://www.amazon.ca/Hitler-Chronology-his-Life-Time/dp/0230202845

Watchmen - Alan Moore & Dave Gibbons

Alan Moore & Dave Gibbons – Watchmen (1987)
Graphic Novel – 420 pages – borrowed from the Comic Library of Colin Channon, read during November 2011
- 5 nods out of 5 -




‘Dog carcass in alley this morning, tire tread on burst stomach. This city is afraid of me. I have seen its true face.’

And so begins an except from Rorschach’s journal in the first panel of Watchmen. Never heard of this book before? Allow the Worm to enlighten you. Watchmen was a twelve issue comic book in the mid-1980s, cryptically and hauntingly written by Alan Moore (yes, he of V for Vendetta) and wonderfully illustrated by Dave Gibbons (and how about a shout out for the colourist, John Higgins). It is set in an alternate 1985: Nixon is still president of the United States, costumed heroes once patrolled the streets of the cities, and nuclear war with the Soviet Union is close on the horizon.

The writing is indepth and intellectually challenging, and the art-work can make the reader gawp at the page for minutes on end. A thriller and film-noir in comic form, Moore and Gibbons take the reader on a page turner of a mystery centring on a group of former costumed heroes. One of them, The Comedian (a neo-Nazi of a man, yet intriguingly intimate) has been killed and Rorschach is out to find out who is behind it.

The gang includes the spectatclar (Dr Manhatten) and the not so sublime (Nite Owl and Silk Spectre); with a great range of back-stories and flashblack utlisied. As Rorscach - by far the most interesting and disturbed character of Moore’s creations – treads deeper and deeper, a frightening plot is revealed. The ending is one to test the reader’s own moral view-point: what price is peace? And do the means ever justify the end?



The combined issue graphic novel format has a great attention to detail, including fictionalised excerpts of autobiographies, pages from toy catalogues, and interviews with some of the main characters. All in all, it makes this edition a treasure trove of a read; and after borrowing this read, the Worm is intent on buying his own copy for the vaults.

Watchmen is not a read to be missed. Not a fan of comic books? (or “graphic novels”, as us snobs wish to call them) - then the Worm orders you now to forget any previous reading inhibitions and pick up a copy today. It won’t save your life, but it might make you a better person.





Buy it here today:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Watchmen-Alan-Moore/dp/1852860243

The Course of German History - A.J.P. Taylor

A.J.P. Taylor – The Course of German History (1945)
History – 270 pages – my copy (paperback; 2007) borrowed from University of Plymouth library
- 4 nods out of 5 -



Written during the end of the bloody and shattering Second World War, A.J.P. Taylor’s The Course of German History is a polemical condemnation of the German nation. Condemnation of its militaristic need to seize land and expand; condemnation of its leaders; and condemnation of its very own people. Hitler, Taylor controversially argues, is a natural progression from Bismarck in the 1800s.The falling bombs and advance of the Soviet army into Nazi Germany is almost predestined; as Taylor states eloquently in the book’s final sentence:

‘The “many great nations”, whom Bismarck had dismissed with scorn, now sat in the seats of Frederick the Great, of Hitler, and of Bismarck himself. German history had run its course.’

Such a viewpoint was reconfirmed in the first paragraph of the preface from 1961:

‘…it shows that it was no more a mistake for the German people to end up with Hitler than it is an accident when a river flows into the sea, though the process is, I daresay, unpleasant for the fresh water.’

Much of Taylor’s work has now been discredited. But the author excels in stirring up a debate, on adding new interpretations, and entertaining his readership. The writing style is lively and engaging; Taylor truly has the novelist’s touch for drama. For example, read his description on the murder of the socialist leaders in 1919:

‘…the “Free Corps”, organisations of out-of-work officers, who would fight against anyone – at first against the Spartacists and Independents, later against any democratic movement, true condottieri, without any principle or belief other than that of the bullet in the back. These gentlemen, deprived of the pleasures of foreign domination, asked nothing better than to slaughter German workers and liberals; and it was officers of the Guards who murdered Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg brutally and without excuse, and also without protest from the Social Democratic government. The Sparticists were broken; but broken too was the life of the German republic.’

Taylor takes the read from the end of the 1700s, through Bonapartist Germany, the rise of Prussia and the forging of the Second Reich, of the burning defeat in the First World War and the uncertainty that came from the Weimar years.

Typical of Taylor, he has divided the past two centuries into emphasised dates (such as chapter 10 the rule of the German Army, 1916-19); whilst the reoccurring divide is that of the “two Germanies”: the past of princes and paupers; of Hohenzollern Prussia and Habsburg Austria; of the Catholic south and the Protestant north. It is almost fitting – in a somewhat morbid sense – that at the book’s close the two Germanies theme continues with the split between West and East.

But had German history run its course in 1945? No, of course not. The river would keep flowing, through the pain and suffering of the Cold War to a reunion once more in 1990. The united Germany is now a pillar of the European Union, a potential force of good in the coming uncertainty of the twenty-first century. Such a reunion was beyond Taylor’s knowledge and remit; but the historian is never positive about Germany’s future, being more in the camp of dividing and weakening this colossus rather than endure the pain of a potential World War Three.


Buy it here and pick your side of the argument!:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Course-German-History-Routledge-Classics/dp/0415254051

Read more about Taylor here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor