The Frock Coated Communist - Tristram Hunt

Tristram Hunt – The Frock Coated Communist (2009)
Biography – 400 pages – my copy (paperback; 2010) a present from the one-and-only anti-socialist, Roy Cook, in April 2010
- 4 nods out of 5 -

The recent economic recession – the worst for eighty years – has made communism somewhat fashionable again. There have been new prints of the manifesto, documentaries upon Marx, and fresh evaluations of his “bulldog” Friedrich Engels.

Despite being the understudy for many years, to both contemporaries and commentators ever since, Engels has found a kind and considerate biographer in Tristram Hunt. The author - since May 2010 serving as MP for Stoke-On-Trent – has made a name for himself as one of Britain’s most promising historians. As enterprising as the likes of Niall Ferguson, he has shown himself at home in teaching, in study, upon the television, the radio, and amongst the sharp teeth of Westminster.

The reader is taken a journey throughout Engels’ life, from his birth into a Protestant bourgeois household, his birth as a revolutionary, his meeting with Marx, and later years as both the ‘Grand Lama of the Regent’s Park Road’ and ‘Marx’s Bulldog’. Hunt is great at constructing the narrative, at bringing in the (often complex) philosophical background, as well as providing colour to Engels and Marx; the author delighting at mining the wealth of letters sent between the pair over four decades. Furthermore, Hunt uses wide and extensive research, from Russian to German archives, to give us, the reader, a first class experience.

It is the opening chapters, of Engels’ communist awakening, in which Hunt keeps the reader entertained. From travelling to the Russian town of Engels in the book’s opening, to charting Engels’ young life in entertaining fashion. It is a shame the middle years do not fare well; but this is not unsurprising: Engels was becoming older, no longer dashing from country to country to give energy to the communist rise. The narrative is lost, Hunt preferring to note the general themes and threads of the 1850s, ‘60s and ‘70s until Engels’ retirement, when once again he could return full-time to his passion.

It is doubtful if Hunt’s study will become the principal study for readers, but it stands high and tall at bringing Engels back from the dead. In these uncertain economic times, the modern world could easily do with a living Engels and his vest for new ideas and methods.

The Dubliners - James Joyce

James Joyce – Dubliners (1914)
Fiction – 240 pages – my copy (paperback; 2000) bought for £1.50 from a second hand bookshop in Truro, summer of 2009
- 4 nods out of 5 -

James Joyce is one of the heavyweights of modern literature – a Muhammad Ali of the written page – revered from Dublin to London, and from Paris to New York. Before the perplexing and mammoth reads of Ulysses and Finnegan’s Wake came Dubliners; a collection of short stories amounting to Joyce’s first substantial work of fiction.

Similarly with all of Joyce’s other works, this collection concerns itself with all things Irish, from the death of the reverend in ‘The Sisters’, to the warring politicians of ‘Ivy Day in the Committee Room’, through to Gabriel’s’ ruminating in the very last story ‘The Dead’. The speech, the language, the tone and the theme – all more Irish than a pint of Dublin brewed Guinness.

These are the stories (bar that of ‘After the Race’) of common people, of whom bring Dublin to life. Although many of the stories may lack any action or actual plot, each is blessed with a Joycean ending epiphany; a dawning realisation of their purpose and their life. Due to the volume of characters, these range from the small to the sublime, with the constant being Joyce’s use of words. Take this example from ‘Araby’, the story of a boy who desires to purchase a gift for a girl:

‘Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned anguish and anger’ (p.28).

The thread of the stories is Dublin itself, and although the book does not follow a narrative, it does follow a progression of age; from the innocence and confusion of youth in the opening chapters, through to love and lust of the middle chapters, ending on those long in the tooth. The book’s ending story, ‘The Dead’, has garnered most attention, forming the basis of films; its fifty pages indicate Joyce’s admiration of its characters. But it cannot compare with the striking images of the first opening four stories, particularly ‘The Sisters’, ‘Araby’ and ‘Eveline’. Joyce appears more comfortable and intent when writing in a child’s perspective, something he would follow up in The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.

This edition – a modern Penguin Classics – benefits from a welcome Introduction and comprehensive notes from the hands of Terence Brown. Dubliners is a purchase for the student of Modernist literature, as well as an embracing opening to those yet still to meet this heavyweight of fiction.

The Curious Case of Benjamin Button - F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (1922)
Short Story – read as iPhone app in July 2010
- 3 nods out of 5 -

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (1925) is, hands down, one of the most influential novels of the past one hundred years. But amongst his novels and his tempestuous relationship with his wife, Zelda, came a plethora of short stories, written for an instant cash injection to booster the Fitzgerald finances. The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, is one such story.

Originally published in Colliers Magazine (USA) in 1922, and later reprinted in various anthologies and collections. In recent times, the story has found wider popularity in the movie adaptation of 2008, starring Brad Pitt in the contrary and confused life of Benjamin Button.

The story follows the birth of Benjamin, born not as an infant, but rather an elderly man. Seen as a monstrosity, his father shaves his beard and insists on a proper upbringing: toys not cigars. Benjamin’s life is full of conflict, such being rejected from Yale as being seen as an elderly madcap, until the passing of time brings with it youth and strength. He marries, but husband and wife become estranged due to diverging interests; while at the close of the nineteenth century, Benjamin fights in the Spanish-American War, returning home to live a party lifestyle.

Yet by the commencement of the next war, Benjamin is ridiculed as an upstart kid for his appearance in military uniform, ready to fight the enemy again. He fulfils one of his life aims in returning to Yale, but his vibrancy is lost, day by day, as he becomes all the more younger and feeble. Eventually, Benjamin acts as “nephew” to his son, overtaken in intellect by his own grandson. As a toddler, he forgets all he has done, living a life of sense and desire only:

‘And then he remembered nothing. When he was hungry he cried – that was all. Through the noons and nights he breathed and over him there were soft mumblings and murmurings that he scarcely heard, and faintly differentiated smells, and light and darkness. Then it was all dark, and his white crib and the dim face that moved above him, and the warm sweet aroma of the milk, faded out altogether from his mind.’

The film adaptation vastly differs from the short story, from setting and time, to characters and upbringing. Though the greatest difference is in the short story’s humour and David Fincher’s seriousness (Fitzgerald deemed it the funniest story he had ever written), as well as the aging process of Benjamin: in the movie, he begins young as a child and learns and grows; whilst Fitzgerald has him born as an old man, with a full beard and a fondness for smoking cigars.

But the basic idea remains true: how time continues to change us, no matter who we are. It is stated Fitzgerald was inspired by Mark Twain’s comment upon our existence: ‘It is a pity that the best part of life comes at the beginning, and the worst part at the end.’

The Communist Manifesto - Marx & Engels

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels – The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Political – 260 pages – my copy (Penguin Classics paperback; 2002) bought for £5.99 from Drake’s Circus Waterstones, Plymouth
- 5 nods out of 5 -

‘A spectre is haunting Europe’… so begins The Communist Manifesto. And not just Europe, but the world all over throughout the twentieth century, Communism was a domineering presence. At one point, in the 1950s, it appeared Soviet Russia was to overtake the USA and become the world’s only superpower. The origins of this assault upon capitalism can be traced back to Marx and Engels’ combined work.

Written whilst the 1848 European revolutions were breaking out, the Manifesto was the initial key guide for Marxist understanding: for years it became the centrepiece in Soviet classrooms. Its final words were repeated, chanted and believed: ‘Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES UNITE!’ (p.258). But alas, the communist giant of Russia fell twenty years ago; China has metamorphosed into a hybrid capitalist-Marxist state; the Manifesto is no longer gospel, but rather, historical.

This edition – edited as a Penguin Classic – comes with an extended and delightful introduction by Gareth Stedman Jones. The reader is given a run-through of the history of the Manifesto, from its origins through to its inception. Not a blade of grass is missed: from the early Communist writings, the Young Hegelians, the impact of writers such as Adam Smith, including all the prefaces to various editions of the manifesto in the nineteenth century (Preface to the Polish Edition of 1892 anyone?). All of which makes it both comprehensive and welcomed.

The manifesto itself remains a strong seller, used in political, historical and philosophical classrooms. Reading it now, here in the confines of the twenty first century, much of what was promised is clearly incorrect. No, Engels was wrong when he believed Marxism was ‘destine to do for history what Darwin’s theory has done for biology’ (p.203); while its radical elements – abolishment of private property and the centralisation of media and communication – is frowned upon by the rise of individual freedoms in the past century.

But despite this, it remains a riveting read. Not just because we now know what came to pass, but because so much it holds common sense: equality between men and women, universal and free education for children, a graduated income tax, as well as the end of national friction and wars. Much of it is voiced in John Lennon’s Imagine: 'Imagine there's no countries…no religion too…’

If the question is open for debate upon all wars being those of class struggles, Marx and Engels were clear upon their critique of capitalism’s consuming desire to conquer all. It remains all the more valid in today’s economic climate, when a realisation is slowly dawning that live on a planet of finite resources and therefore cannot continue expanding. As the socialist duo pointed out, there is an ‘epidemic of overproduction’ (p.226), which will need a revision of our social and economic ties.

The future for Communism looks bleak. But a certainty remains, that Marx and Engels’ thrilling and enlightening read will long continue to sell in far and wide places, from Beijing to San Francisco, from Paris to Cairo; and even Plymouth Waterstones.